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1 (Gravel 4-5) Family: F1456
 
2 13/12 89000.Auxerre Il enleva sa femme avec l'appui du Pape. Family: F3333
 
3 1er mariage célébré à N-D de Québec. Témoin: Samuel de Champlain Family: F1378
 
4 23-09 ct. Duquet Family: F1832
 
5 ABT Fin Mariage: 1115 Family: F3438
 
6 AFT Mariage : ou 601 Family: F2758
 
7 Attestés mariés en 1050. Family: F2349
 
8 between 07/1623 & 1/06/1627 Family: F818
 
9 By marrying Amice, Robert acqired a large part of the Fitzosberninheritance in Normandy and England. However, being the Earl ofLeicester he did not acquire the title 'Earl of Hereford. Family: F3618
 
10 Catherine est accompagnée de " MssrsDaniel de Rémy Chevalier Seigneur de Courcelles gouverneur et lieutenant général pour le Roy en ce pays, des Sieurs Pierre DeSaurel de Mr Me Lous Rouer Sieur de Villeray Conseiller du Roy au Conseil Soucerain de ce Pays, du Sr Laurent Poullet Capitaine du navire le St. Jean-Baptiste et de damoiselle Anthoinette Fradet Family: F1884
 
11 Contrat Aubert 4 Oct 1665 Family: F1252
 
12 contrat Duquet Family: F2004
 
13 Contrat Gilles Rageot. Family: F1352
 
14 contrat Janneau Family: F1881
 
15 Contrat Michon Family: F937
 
16 contrat Michon Family: F942
 
17 Contrat Michon Family: F1274
 
18 Contrat Vachon Family: F1431
 
19 ct 01-10 genaple Family: F1831
 
20 ct 04 Becquet Family: F1547
 
21 ct 15 Vachon Family: F1813
 
22 ct 15-8 Genaple Family: F1964
 
23 ct 16nov1664 Vachon Family: F1883
 
24 ct 18 Barbel Family: F1570
 
25 ct 18 LaCetiere Family: F2111
 
26 ct 19 Audouart Family: F2037
 
27 ct 21-06 Genaple Family: F1994
 
28 ct 21-09 Duquet Family: F2321
 
29 ct 24-01-1691 Jacob père Family: F1849
 
30 ct 24-06-1669 Vachon Family: F2141
 
31 ct 25-11 Aubert Family: F1934
 
32 ct 26 Audouart Family: F1938
 
33 ct 27-07 Duquet Family: F2147
 
34 ct 27-12-1647 Lecoutre Family: F1812
 
35 ct 29-09 Close Family: F1779
 
36 ct 30 05 Chambalon Family: F2310
 
37 ct 30-10 Genaple Family: F1838
 
38 ct 30-11-1672 Becquet Family: F1840
 
39 ct 30sep Galet Family: F1933
 
40 ct Audouart 26-12-1661 Family: F1800
 
41 ct Duquet 29-03 Family: F1835
 
42 ct genaple 19- Family: F2782
 
43 ct Rageot 28 Jul Family: F1533
 
44 ct. 22 Jacob pere Family: F1861
 
45 Ct. 24-2 Vachon Family: F1387
 
46 Ct. Becquet Family: F1315
 
47 Ct. Becquet Family: F1355
 
48 ct. Becquet Family: F2318
 
49 Ct. Chambalon Family: F1313
 
50 Ct. Gachet Family: F1309
 
51 ct. LaCetiere Family: F1868
 
52 Ct. Michon Family: F940
 
53 diocese d'Avranches Family: F1327
 
54 dispense de deux bans. Family: F1564
 
55 dispense du 3ième degré Family: F898
 
56 double wedding with Degory Priest Family: F810
 
57 elle est veuve d'un conseiller du roi "en son trésor à Paris" Family: F1901
 
58 Fin Mariage : 946 Family: F2767
 
59 Fin Mariage: 18 Octobre 942 Family: F3380
 
60 Fin Mariage: avant 856 Family: F2654
 
61 Gilbert and Isabelle were second cousins. Family: F3638
 
62 Isabella was fined 1,000 pounds for marrying Robert De Hastings sinceshe failed to get a royal license to do so. Family: F3513
 
63 It is possible that they could have been married in 1127. AfterGeoffrey Plantagenet's death, Matilda was married to Henry V Emperorof the Holy Roman Empire. Family: F3587
 
64 James married a Hannah Cobb. This one?? Family: F1087
 
65 L'eveque a accorde les dispenses de trois bans et d'affinite au troisieme degre. Temoins: William Strouds (bourgeois de Quebec), Christophe Hilarion Dulaurent (Notaire Royal de la prevote de Québec), Guerne ( secretaire de l'eveque), Maderan (chirurgien de la Pointe-de-Levy) Family: F1567
 
66 Le premier mariage franÇais célébré à Montréal fût celui de Mathurin Meusnier et FranÇoise Fafart. Family: F1306
 
67 m. à Cap Tourmente Family: F1998
 
68 Mariage : 1013 ou 1014 Family: F3425
 
69 Mariage : 988 ou 987 Family: F3416
 
70 Mariage : Mariage : vers 594 (?) Family: F3123
 
71 Mariage : vers 934 (mais alors cela fait d'Hildegarde une mère à 10 ans !). Family: F2430
 
72 mariage à l'Ange-Gardien Family: F2052
 
73 mariage celebre par Charles Lallemant Family: F1672
 
74 mariés à Sillery Family: F1486
 
75 Mariés par le père Charles Lallemant, oncle de Saint Gabriel Lallemant. Family: F1271
 
76 Maud brought to this marriage the lordship of Radnor. Family: F3514
 
77 notaires Chappelain et Crucé Family: F1900
 
78 ou en France Family: F1966
 
79 Par devant Gilles Rageot notaire Royal garde notes en la nouvelle france septentrionale, furent présents en leurs personnes Thimothé Roussel Maitre Chirurgien, demeurant en cette ville fils de feu Estienne Roussel, Maitre Chirurgien et de Jeanne Boyte ses pere et mere de la ville de Moyot paroisse St-Jacques, diocese de Montpellier, d'une part, Et de demoiselle Magdelaine du Mortier de Leur fille de feu Anger du Mortier de Leur Escuyer Conseiller du Roy en ses Conseils, Capitaine au Régiment de Mous Le Compte de lestrade Et de demoiselle Catherine de Vade ses pere et mere de la paroisse de Chenilly du mesure diocese de Mans d'autre part Lesquelles partyes de leur bon gré Et vollonté en la presence et du Consentement de Messire Daniel de Ressy Chevallier Seigneur de de Courcelle gouverneur et Lieutenant Général pour Le Roy de tout le Canada, Messire Jean talon Conseiller de sa Majesté en touts ses Conseils Et son Intendant de Justice police et finance audit pays, Alexandre de Berthier escuyer Capitaine au Regiment de Lignoire, Nicolas de Hancourt escuyer sieur de Beaumont Pierre Loxain Escuyer sieur de Berthier, Charles Aubert sieur de la Chesnaye Agent general de la Compagnie des Indes occidentales en sedit pays Charles Bagere marchand & Jean de Morny Me Chirurgien, de dame Marie Barbe de Boulogne Veuve de feu Messire Louis dailleboust vivant Chevalier Seigneur de Coulonges Et dargentenay gouverneur Et Lieutenant general pour sadite Majesté en ce dit pays, de demoiselle Marguerite Le Roux, Marie Lepage, Catherine Fontenaq dame anne gasnier fille du sieur Bourdon, Demoiselle Genevieve Macard fille du sieur Bazire, amys communs desdits futurs espoux. Ont fait et accordé Leur traitté Et promesses de Mariage qui inscrivent C'est a seavoir que ledit Sieur Roussel a promis Et promet prendre a sa femme Et légitime Espouse La ditte demoiselle Magdelaine du Mortier de leur, comme aussy La ditte demoiselle de mortier de leur promet prendre ledit Sieur Roussel pour son mary Et légitime Espoux Icellery Mariage faire & solemniser en face de notre mere Sainte Esglise catholique apostoloique & romaine. Le plustost faire le pourra lequel sera advisé Et délibéré entr'eux Et leurs dits amys sy Deu Et nostre ditte Mere Sainte Esglise y consentent Et accordons pour estre lesdits futurs espoux uns et communs en touts leurs meubles & conquest Immeubles du jour des espousailles Suivant la Coustume de la prévosté et viconté de paris, ne seront tenus aux debtes faites Et créees auparavant La solemnité dudit futur Mariage ainsy aucunes y a seront payées & acquittees par celuy de qui elles procederont & sur son bien -- Sera douée Ladite future Espouse du douaire Coustumier , Icelluy douaire a prendre sur Le plus clair Et mieux apparoissant des biens dudit futur Espoux q_e en a desauparavant affectés Et hipotecqués Et en cas de dissolution dudit futur Mariage Pourra ladite demoiselle future espouse semoncer a ladite communauté. Et en ce faisant reprendre tout ce que pendant Et coustant Icelluy Mariage, Luy sera advenu Et Eschu- tant par succession donnation qu'autrementEnsemble ses habits linges bagues et joyaux servant a son usage sans estre tenus d'aucune debtes de ladite communauté encor qu'elle y juste obligie & condamnée. Et arrivant mort & dissolution dudit futur mariage Sans Enfants procréez d'Icelluy, Lesdits futurs Conjoints se sont faits et font l'un deux à l'autre donnation Irrévocable Entre vifs en la meilleure forme & maniere que donnation puisse avoir lieu & sortis Effet de touts Et uns chacuns Lesdits biens Meubles conquest & Immeubles qui se trouveront leur Eschion En ce pays au jour du deceds du premier mourant pour en jouir par le survivant des deux en pleine propriete pour faire & disposer ainsy que bon luy semblera Et pour faire Insinuer ces presentes partout au d obtiendra dans quatre mois d'huy Suivant l'ordonnace desdits futurs conjoints ont fait et constitué Leur p-a Le porteur des prites auqelle ILs ont donné pouvoir de ce faire Et d'en requerir acte car ainsy promettant ^ obligeant chacun us droit soy & Renonçant de ce fait Et passéaudit Quebec en la maison de la dame dailleboust a près midy le vingt uniesme jour de Novembre mil six cent soixante sept en presence de Guillaume Roger & de Pierre du pineau escrous demeurant audit Quebec qui ont avec les Partges Et amys signé, signé approuvé en interligne du Mortier Père Et en faveur dudit futur Mariage pour la bonne amitié que ledit sieur Rousselporte a La ditte demoiselle de leur sa future espouse En cas qu'elle Le suirvivre. Il a fait don entre vifs de la somme de deux mille Livres son avoir à prendre sur le plus beau et mieux apparoissant de touts biens presents & advenir pour en faire Et disposer par elle comme de son propre Et chose appartenant.
(ont signé)
T Roussel / du mortier de leur / Charles Aubert de la Chesnaye / M. B. de Boulogne / Berthier / Lauzon / Bazin / Genevieve Macart / M. Leroux / Catherine de Fontenay / Pierre Du pineau / Courcelle / Tal-- / Hancourt / A Gasnier / De Molny / M. Lepage / Roger / Rageot 		Family: F1576
 
80 possiblement à Vieux-Bellême Family: F1781
 
81 premier mariage à St-Charles Family: F1263
 
82 Premier mariage à St-Thomas de Montmagny Family: F914
 
83 Premier mariage franÇais à Montréal. Family: F1306
 
84 repudiation Family: F2352
 
85 résident l'Islet Family: F2047
 
86 sa 3ième femme Family: F2354
 
87 Selon sa declaration a Belle-Ile-en-Mer, le grand-pere maternel de l'epouse de Joseph LeBlanc dit Le Maigre, Pierre Melanson (fils), etait "venu d'Ecosse a Port-Royal". D'apres le recherches du Pere Clarence d'Entremont, cependant, Pierre (Melanson dit) Laverdure (pere) etait un protestant francais qui s'est marie, lors de son exil en Angleterre, a une Anglaise prenommee Priscilla. Emmene en Acadie avec sa famille par Thomas Temple au printemps de 1657, Pierre, son epouse et leur plus jeune fils se sont retires a Boston apres le traite de Breda en 1667. Leurs deux autres fils, dela maries a des Acadiennes, sont restes en Acadie. La Mothe-Cadillac relate avoir vu en 1685 ces deux freres, qu'il dit Ecossais, ages de 60 et 65 ans, maries a des Francaises; en 1692 il vit leur mere agee de 90 ans a Boston Family: F2510
 
88 Siegfried est le 1er époux de Gertrude. Family: F3446
 
89 Source : Héraldique.&.Généalogie n 88.451 & Schwennicke n 02.10. Family: F3322
 
90 Sprota was a Breton concubine captured in war and bound to William by a Danish marriage. Family: F127
 
91 temoins: Robert Giffard & Guillaume Couillard Family: F2094
 
92 The marriage slip states that John Corbett was a 29 year old bachelor mariner born and residing in Havre Boucher, son of Edward (Postmaster) and Margaret Corbett. Ann Crispo was a 23 year old spinster, also born and residing in Havre Boucher, daughter of Michel & Elizabeth Crispo (merchants). The witnesses were James O'Brien and Elizabeth Crispo. The marriage was performed by H. Giroir, parish priest. Family: F705
 
93 They may have been married on the 11th of May. Family: F3557
 
94 They were wedded in the Tower of London. Family: F3480
 
95 Vérifier : nous suivons ici la version de Stuart. L'hagiographie de Sainte-Odile fait de sa mère Berswinde la nièce de Saint-Léger, évêque d'Autun. Family: F3183
 
96 voir registre paroissial Family: F1752
 
97 Witnesses for this marriage were John MacKenzie, Jr. and Mary MacDonald. Family: F716
 
98 Here in this year died Aethelhelm, ealdorman of Wiltshire, nine days before midsummer; and here passed away Heahstan, who was bishop of London. "The Winchester Manuscript". Aethelhelm, Aeldorman of the Wiltshire
 
99 Profession : Duc d'Athelm. Aethelhelm, Aeldorman of the Wiltshire
 
100 Profession : Roi de Wessex & de Kent de 839 à 858. Aethelwulf, King of England
 
101 The Lombards, Teutons from Scandinavia, described as fiercer than the fiercest Teutons, had made their way to the lower Danube. In the spring of 568, led by their King Alboino, they entered Byzantine Italy where they stayed in power for two centuries. Agilolf, King of the Lombards
 
102 Founder of Scotlands Dynasty. Whether Celtic or Norse in origin, the pagan kings of Scotland were considered to be sacred beings. At his inauguration each king had to go through various religious rituals, as a result of which he and his people felt that the Lucky Spirit of the community entered and dwelt in the king's body, hence the belief that the royal families descended from the gods. Since this Lucky Spirit's human manifestation could not be allowed to decay, such kings were periodically sacrificed or slain by their rightful successors. Alpin, son of Eochaid IV 'the Poisonous', king of Dalriada, became king of Kintyre in March 834, only to be killed in battle with the Picts in Galloway in August the same year. Alpin, King of Kintyre
 
103 Amalric I or Amaury I, Latin King of Jerusalem (1162–74); brother andsuccessor of Baldwin III. He spent his reign in attempts to gain andhold the suzerainty of Egypt, but was balked by the Turkish sultanNur ad-Din, one of whose lieutenants finally obtained control of thecountry and left it at his death to Saladin. During Amalric's frequentabsences in Egypt, Nur ad-Din repeatedly raided the increasingly weakLatin states of the East. Amalric was succeeded by his son, BaldwinIV. Amalric
 
104 Person Source Ansbertus, Gallo-Roman senator
 
105 Descendant du général gallo-romain Flavius Afranius Syagrius (430 - 486) Profession : Noble de Dijon Ansoud
 
106 Profession : Chevalier français en Italie. Ardouin
 
107 He spent his early years at the court of Theodebert II, King of Austrasia. Aged thirty and a widower, he wanted to retire from public life but even though he was not a priest, in 614 he was chosen Bishop of Metz.However, he remained an adviser to King Chlotar II, whom he had helped to gain the Frankish throne, and was tutor to his son Dagobert. It took him until 629 before he was able to retire to the Vosges mountains after resigning his offices. His friend Romaric had there earlier and began the monastic community at Habend that was later called Remiremont. Arnulf settled nearby and lived there until he died twelve years later. Arnulf, évêque de Metz
 
108 His year of birth is unknown and it is not certain whether the place of his birth was Gent. He has been mentioned in records from 26 October 970 onwards. He extended his territories southwards but died in battle against the Friesians, 18 September 993. Arnulf, Ct of Holland
 
109 in battle against the Fresians Arnulf, Ct of Holland
 
110 Naissance : vers 944 ou plutôt vers 950/955 Profession : Comte de Frise Occidentale & de Gand Tué par les Frisons. Arnulf, Ct of Holland
 
111 Profession : Maire.du.Palais d'Austrasie, Evêque de Metz (614-629) Arnulf, évêque de Metz
 
112 mentionned 954 & 986 Aucelende
 
113 Born circa 863, he succeeded his father as Count of Flanders in 879. He annexed lands and rights in the area between the river Schelde and Artois and he had his opponents murdered. His final resting place was in Gent, in the Saint Peter's Abbey. Baudouin II ' the bald', Ct of Flanders
 
114 Naissance : ou vers 582 Beretrude
 
115 executed Bernhard, Cte d'Aulun
 
116 He was chamberlain of Louis "the Pious" but, after the latter died in 840, was executed in 844. Bernhard, Cte d'Aulun
 
117 Profession : Duc de Saxe de 1011 à 1059. Bernhard II, Duke of Saxony
 
118 Profession : Margrave en Bavière. Berthold, Ct. im Radenzgau
 
119 Fondatrice de l'Abbaye de Pruem. Bertrada 'The Elder'
 
120 ou de STUBENSKORN. Profession : Comte de Lunebourg Décès : ou vers 951. Billung, Ct of Saxony
 
121 BIOGRAPHY
Boleslaw was the second son of Wratislaw I, duke of Bohemia and Drahomira von Stodar. Boleslaw was duke of Bohemia from 929 to his death.

Boleslaw is notorious for the murder, possibly at the behest of his mother Drahomira, of his brother Wenceslas (later canonised as St. Wenceslas), the result of which brought him to the Czech ducal throne. Wenceslas was murdered during a feast on 28 September 929, on the day when Boleslaw's first son was born. He received the strange name of Strachkwas, which meant 'a dreadful feast'. Being remorseful for what he had done, Boleslaw promised to devote his son to religion and educate him as a clergyman. He kept his word.

Despite the fratricide, Boleslaw is generally respected by Czech historians as an energetic ruler. Citing Wenceslas' religious policies as the cause of Boleslaw's fratricide seems unlikely as Boleslaw in no way impeded the growth of Christianity in Bohemia, and in fact he actually sent his daughter Mlada, a nun, to Rome to ask permission to make Prague a bishopric.

One major policy shift after the death of Wenceslas related to Czech-German relations. It is usually asserted that Wenceslas was an obedient client of the German King Heinrich 'the Fowler'. Boleslaw, on the other hand, found himself almost immediately at war with Heinrich's successor Otto 'the Great'. This conflict, presumably consisting of border raids (the general pattern of warfare in this region at the time) between Boleslaw on one side and the margrave of the Ostmark on the other, reached its conclusion in 950 when Boleslaw signed a peace with Otto. It cannot be said for certain if Boleslaw became a vassal of the German king, but it is known that he led a Czech force in alliance with Otto at the great victory over the Magyars at the Lech river (on 10 August 955). He had also helped Otto to crush an uprising of Slavs on the Lower Elbe in 953.

Czech historians also claim that Boleslaw expanded his power into Silesia, Lusatia, and Moravia, but no dates are given for these alleged conquests. If they did occur, they must have been only transitory gains because Boleslaw's successors had to conquer them all over again. Boleslaw saw the growth of Polish strength to the north of his borders and he accordingly arranged for his daughter Dobrawa to marry the Piast prince Mieszko I in 965. Boleslaw died on 15 July 967 and was succeeded by his son Boleslaw 'the Pious'. 		Boleslaw I 'the Gruesome', Duke of Bohemia
 
122 His ancestry reputedly goes back to the legendary Premysl. Converted by Methodius to Christianity, he was the last pagan Duke of Bohemia. Borijov I, od Bohemia
 
123 Profession : Roi de Saxe. Bruno, Ct in Saxony
 
124 In 560 he became King of Wessex and, in the same year, Ethelbert became King of Kent. During Cealwin's reign, Pope Gregory sent missionaries to England and, in 591, Columba went to the Picts in Scotland. In 593 there was a great slaughter of Britons at Wanborough and after having been driven from his kingdom, Cealwin died. Cealwin, King of Wessex
 
125 A.D. 688. This year Ceadwall went to Rome, and received baptism at the hands of Sergius the pope, who gave him the name of Peter; but in the course of seven nights afterwards, on the twelfth day before the calends of May, he died in his crisom-cloths, and was buried in the church of St. Peter. (Saxon Chronicles) Ceolwald, King of Wessex
 
126 Ceadwall was the son of Kenbert, Kenbert of Chad, Chad of Cutha, Cutha of Ceawlin, Ceawlin of Cynric, Cynric of Cerdic. (Saxon Chronicles) Ceolwald, King of Wessex
 
127 In 635 his brother, King Cynegils, was baptised by Bishop Birinus at Dorchester. In 688 Ceolwald visited Rome Ceolwald, King of Wessex
 
128 Cerdic, a Saxon earldorman, together with his son Cynric came to England in 495 and founded a settlement on the coast of Hampshire. In 519 father and son fought with the Britons at a place called Charford and from the same year onwards Cerdic assumed the title of King of the West Saxons. They probably conquered the Isle of Wight in 534, the year that Cerdic died. Cerdic, King of the West Saxons
 
129 Profession : Roi de France du 20 Juin 840 au 6 Octobre 877, Roi d'Aquitaine en 848, Roi de Lorraine en 869. Charles II 'Le Chauve'
 
130 Profession : Dignitaire Childebrand
 
131 As king of one group of Franks, it seems Childerich collaborated with the Romans against the Visigoths and the Saxons of the Loire. Although a pagan, he co-operated with the Gallic Church and laid the foundations of the kingdom which his descendants were to rule for the following three centuries. The discovery of his grave in Tournai in 1653 revealed some aspects of his power: several hundred gold coins minted in Constantinople, sent perhaps as a subsidy, and a gold brooch like those worn by Roman generals. Childeric, King of the Franks
 
132 Profession : Roi des Francs Saliens de 457 à 481. Childeric, King of the Franks
 
133 Profession : Chef franc Chlodoweg ou Clovis
 
134 By the middle of the sixth century the Merovingians had become by far the most powerful of the barbarian heirs to the Roman Empire. Almost all Gaul was under their direct rule; they had a foothold in Italy and overlordship over the Thuringians, Alamans, and Bavarians in Germany; and the suzerainty they claimed over south-east England may have been more of a reality than most English historians have thought. The dying words of Chlotar I were quite understandable: "Wa! What kind of king is it in heaven, who kills off kings as great as me?" Chlotar I, roi a Soissons
 
135 Clotaire I klotar , d. 561, Frankish king, son of Clovis I. On his father's death (511) he and his brothers received equal shares of the Frankish kingdom. His capital was at Soissons. In 524 he and his brother Childebert I divided the kingdom of their deceased brother Clodomir, whose children they murdered. With his brother Theodoric he conquered Thuringia. In 534 Clotaire and Childebert seized and divided the First Kingdom of Burgundy, and in 542 they attacked the Visigoths of Spain but were repulsed before Zaragoza. The deaths of Theodebald, Theodoric's grandson (555), and of Childebert (558) made Clotaire sole king of the Franks. His sons Chilperic I and Sigebert I inherited Neustria and Austrasia respectively; his sons Charibert and Guntram divided the remainder of the kingdom. Chlotar I, roi a Soissons
 
136 Profession : Roi de Soissons de 511 à 561. Chlotar I, roi a Soissons
 
137 Clovis (CHLODWIG, or CHLODOWECH) Son of Childeric, King of the Salic Franks; born in the year 466; died at Paris, 27 November, 511. He succeeded his father as the King of the Franks of Tournai in 481. His kingdom was probably one of the States that sprang from the division of Clodion's monarchy like those of Cambrai, Tongres and Cologne. Although a Pagan, Childeric had kept up friendly relations with the bishops of Gaul, and when Clovis ascended the throne he received a most cordial letter of congratulation from St. Remigius, Archbishop of Reims. The young king early began his course of conquest by attacking Syagrius, son of Aegidius, the Roman Count. Having established himself at Soissons, he acquired sovereign authority over so great a part of Northern Gaul as to be known to his contemporaries as the King of Soissons. Syagrius, being defeated, fled for protection to Alaric II, King of the Visigoths, but the latter, alarmed by a summons from Clovis, delivered Syagrius to his conqueror, who had him decapitated in 486. Clovis then remained master of the dominions of Syagrius and took up his residence at Soissons. It would seem as if the episode of the celebrated vase of Soissons were an incident of the campaign against Syagrius, and it proves that, although a pagan, Clovis continued his father's policy by remaining on amicable terms with Gaulish episcopate. The vase, taken by the Frankish soldiers while plundering a church, formed part of the booty that was to be divided among the army. It was claimed by the bishop (St. Remigius?), and the king sought to have it awarded to himself in order to return it intact to the bishop, but a dissatisfied soldier split the vase with his battle-axe, saying to this king: 'You will get only the share allotted you by fate'. Clovis did not openly resent the insult, but the following year, when reviewing his army he came upon this same soldier and, reproving him for the the defective condition of his arms, he split his skull with an axe, saying: 'It was thus that you treated the Soissons vase.' This incident has often been cited to show that although in time of war a king has unlimited authority over his army, after the war his power is restricted and that in the division of booty the rights of the soldiers must be respected. After the defeat of Syagrius, Clovis extended his dominion as far as the Loire. It was owing to the assistance given him by the Gaulish episcopate that he gained possession of the country. The bishops, it is quite certain mapped out the regime that afterwards prevailed. Unlike that adopted in other barbarian kingdoms founded upon the ruins of the Roman Empire, this regime established absolute equality between the Gallo-Roman natives and their Germanic conquerors all sharing the same privileges. Procopius, a Byzantine writer has given us an idea of this agreement, but we know it best by its results. There was no distribution of Gaulish territory by the victors; established in the Belgian provinces, they had lands there to which they returned after each campaign. All the free men in the kingdom of Clovis, whether they were of Roman or of Germanic origin, called themselves Franks, and we must guard against the old mistake of looking upon the Franks after Clovis as no more than Germanic barbarians. Master of half of Gaul, Clovis returned to Belgium and conquered the two Salic kingdoms of Cambrai and Tongres (?), where his cousins Ragnacaire and Chararic reigned. These events have been made known to us only through the poetic tradition of the Franks which has singularly distorted them. According to this tradition Clovis called upon Chararic to assist him its his war against Syagrius, but Chararic's attitude throughout the battle was most suspicious, as he refrained from taking sides until he saw which of the rivals was to be victorious. Clovis longed to have revenge. Through a ruse he obtained possession of Chararic and his son and threw them into prison; he then had their heads shaved, and both were ordained, the father to the priesthood and the son to the diaconate. When Chararic bemoaned and wept over this humiliation his son exclaimed: 'The leaves of a green tree have been cut but they will quickly bud forth again; may he who has done this perish as quickly!' This remark was reported to Clovis, and he had both father and son beheaded. Tradition goes on to say that Ragnacaire King of Cambrai, was a man of such loose morals he hardly respected his own kindred, and Farron, his favourite, was equally licentious. So great was the king's infatuation for this man that, if given a present, he would accept it for himself and his Farron. This filled his subjects with indignation and Clovis, to win them over to his side before taking the field, distributed among them money, bracelets, and baldries, all in gilded copper in fraudulent imitation of genuine gold. On different occasions Ragnacaire sent out spies to ascertain the strength of Clovis's army, and upon returning they said: 'It is a great reinforcement for you and your Farron.' Meanwhile Clovis advanced and the battle began. Being defeated, Ragnacaire sought refuge in flight, but was overtaken; made prisoner, and brought to Clovis, his hands bound behind him. 'Why', said his conqueror have you permitted our blood to be humiliated by allowing yourself to be put in chains? It were better that you should die.' And, so saying, Clovis dealt him his death-blow. Then, turning to Richaire, Ragnacaire's brother, who had been taken prisoner with the king, he said: 'Had you but helped your brother, they would not have bound him', and he slew Richaire also. After these deaths the traitors discovered that they had been given counterfeit gold and complained of it to Clovis, but he only laughed at them. Rignomir, one of Ragnacaire's brothers, was put to death at Le Mans by order of Clovis, who took possession of the kingdom and the treasure of his victims. Such is the legend of Clovis; it abounds in all kinds of improbabilities, which cannot be considered as true history. The only facts that can be accepted are that Clovis made war upon Kings Ragnacaire and Chararic, put them to death and seized their territories. Moreover, the author of this article is of opinion that these events occurred shortly after the conquest of the territory of Syagrius, and not after the war against the Visigoths, as has been maintained by Gregory of Tours, whose only authority is an oral tradition, and whose chronology in this matter is decidedly misleading. Besides Gregory of Tours has not given us the name of Chararic's kingdom; it was long believed to have been established at Therouanne but it is more probable that Tongres was its capital city, since it was here that the Franks settled on gaining a foothold in Belgium. In 492 or 493 Clovis, who was master of Gaul from the Loire to the frontiers of the Rhenish Kingdom of Cologne, married Clotilda, the niece of Gondebad, King of the Burgundians. The popular epic of the Franks has transformed the story of this marriage into a veritable nuptial poem the analysis of which will be found in the article on Clotilda. Clotilda, who was a Catholic, and very pious, won the consent of Clovis to the baptism of their son, and then urged that he himself embrace the Catholic Faith. He deliberated for a long time. Finally, during a battle against the Alemanni--which without apparent reason has been called the battle of Tolbiac (Zulpich)--seeing his troops on the point of yielding, he invoked the aid of Clotilda's God, promised to become a Christian if only victory should be granted him. He conquered and, true to his word was baptized at Reims by St. Remigius, bishop of that city, his sister Albofledis and three thousand of his warriors at the same time embracing Christianity. Gregory of Tours, in his ecclesiastical history of the Franks has described this event, which took place amid great pomp at Christmas, 496. 'Bow thy head, O Sicambrian', said St. Remigius to the royal convert 'Adore what thou hast burned and burn what thou hast adored.' According to a ninth-century legend found in the life of St. Remigius, written by the celebrated Hinemar himself Archbishop of Reims, the chrism for the baptismal ceremony was missing and was brought from heaven in a vase (ampulla) borne by a dove. This is what is known as the Sainte Ampoule of Reims, preserved in the treasury of the cathedral of that city and used for the coronation of the kings of France from Philip Augustus down to Charles X. The conversion of Clovis to the religion of the majority of his subjects soon brought about the union of the Gallo-Romans with their barbarian conquerors. While in all the other Germanic kingdoms founded on the ruins of the Roman Empire the difference of religion between the Catholic natives and Arian conquerers was a very active cause of destruction, in the Frankish kingdom, on the contrary, the fundamental identity of religious beliefs and equality of political rights made national and patriotic sentiments universal and produced the most perfect harmony between the two races. The Frankish Kingdom was thenceforth the representative and defender of Catholic interests throughout the West, while to his conversion Clovis owed an exceptionally brilliant position. Those historians who do not understand the problems of religious psychology have concluded that Clovis embraced Christianity solely from political motives, but nothing is more erroneous. On the contrary, everything goes to prove that his conversion was sincere, and the opposite cannot be maintained without refusing credence to the most trustworthy evidence. In the year 500 Clovis was called upon to mediate in a quarrel between his wife's two uncles, Kings Gondebad of Vienne and Godegisil of Geneva. He took sides with the latter, whom he helped to defeat Gondebad at Dijon, and then, deeming it prudent to interfere no further in this fratricidal struggle, he returned home, leaving Godegisil an auxiliary corps of five thousand Franks. After Clovis's departure Gondebad reconquered Vienne, his capital in which Godegisil had established himself. This reconquest was effected by a stratagem seconded by treachery, and Godegisil himself perished on the same occasion. The popular poetry of the Franks has singularly misrepresented this intervention of Clovis, pretending that, at the instigation of his wife Clotilda, he sought to avenge her grievances against her uncle Gondebad (see CLOTILDA) and that the latter king, besieged in Avignon by Clovis, got rid of his opponent through the agency of Aredius, a faithful follower. But in these poems there are so many fictions as to render the history in them indistinguishable. An expedition, otherwise important and profitable was undertaken by Clovis in the year 506 against Alaric II, King of the Visigoths of Aquitaine. He was awaited as their deliverer by the Catholics of that kingdom, who were being cruelly persecuted by Arian fanatics, and was encouraged in his enterprise by the Emperor Anastasius, who wished to crush this ally of Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths. Despite the diplomatic efforts made by the latter to prevent the war, Clovis crossed the Loire and proceeded to Vouille, near Poitiers, where he defeated and slew Alaric, whose demoralized troops fled in disorder. The Franks took possession of the Visigoth Kingdom as far as the Pyrenees and the Rhone, but the part situated on the left bank of this river was stoutly defended by the armies of Theodoric, and thus the Franks were prevented from seizing Arles and Provence. Notwithstanding this last failure, Clovis, by his conquest of Aquitaine, added to the Frankish crown the fairest of its jewels. So greatly did the Emperor Anastasius rejoice over the success attained by Clovis that, to testify his satisfaction, he sent the Frankish conqueror the insignia of the consular dignity, an honour always highly appreciated by the barbarians. The annexation of the Rhenish Kingdom of Cologne crowned the acquisition of Gaul by Clovis. But the history of this conquest, also, has been disfigured by a legend that Clovis instigated Chloderic, son of Sigebert of Cologne, to assassinate his father, then, after the perpetration of this foul deed, caused Chloderic himself to be assassinated, and finally offered himself to the Rhenish Franks as king, protesting his innocence of the crimes that had been committed. The only historical element in this old story, preserved by Gregory of Tours, is that the two kings of Cologne met with violent deaths, and that that Clovis, their relative, succeeded them partly by right of birth, partly by popular choice. The criminal means by which he is said to have reached this throne are pure creation of the barbarian imagination. Master now of a vast kingdom, Clovis displayed the same talent in governing that he had displayed in conquering it. From Paris, which he had finally made his capital, he administered the various provinces through the agency of counts (comites) established in each city and selected by him from the aristocracy of both races, conformably to the principle of absolute equality between Romans and barbarians, a principle which dominated his entire policy. He caused the Salic Law (Lex Salica) to be reduced to written form, revised end adapted to the new social conditions under which his fellow barbaricans were subsequently to live. Acknowledging the Church as the foremost civilizing force, he protected it in every way possible, especially by providing for it the National Council of Orleans (511), at which the bishops of Gaul settled many questions pertaining to the relations between Church and state. Hagiographic legends attribute to Clovis the founding of a great many churches and monasteries throughout France, and although the accuracy of this claim cannot be positively established, it is nevertheless certain that the influence of the council in this matter must have been considerable. However, history has preserved the memory of foundation which was undoubtedly due to Clovis: the church of the Apostles, later of Sainte-Genevieve, on what was then Mons Lucotetius, to the south of Paris. The king destined it as a mausoleum for himself and his queen Clotilda, and before it was completed his mortal remains were there interred. Clovis died at the age of forty-five. His sarcophagus remained in the crypt of Sainte-Genevieve until the time of the French Revolution, when it was broken open by the revolutionists, and his ashes scattered to the winds, the sanctuary of the beautiful church being destroyed. The history of this monarch has been so hopelessly distorted by popular poetry and so grossly disfigured by the vagaries of the barbarian imagination as make the portrayal of his character wellneigh impossible. However, from authentic accounts of him it may be concluded that his private life was not without virtues. As a statesman he succeeded in accomplishing what neither the genius of Theodoric the Great nor that of any contemporary barbarian king could achieve: upon the ruins of the Roman Empire he built up a powerful system, the influence of which dominated European civilization during many centuries, and from which sprang France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland, without taking into account that northern Spain and northern Italy were also, for a time, under the civilizing regime of the Frankish Empire. Clovis left four sons. Theodoric, the eldest, was the issue of union prior to that contracted with Clotilda, who was, however, the mother of the three others, Clodomir, Childebert, and Clotaire. They divided their father's kingdom among themselves, following the barbarian principle that sought promotion of personal rather than national interests, and looked upon royalty as the personal prerogative of the sons of kings. After the death of Clovis his daughter Clotilda, named after her mother, married Amalric, king of the Visigoths. She died young, being cruelly abused by this Arian prince, who seemed eager to wreak vengeance on the daughter of Clovis for the tragic death of Alaric II. ARNDT (ed.), GREGORY OF TOURS, Historia ecclesiastica Francorum in Mon. Germ. Hist:. Script. RR. Merovingicarum; JUNGHANS, Die Gesdichte der frankischen Konige Childerich und Chlodovich (Gottingen, 1857), tr. by MONOD as Histore critique de rois Childeric et Clovis (Paris, 1879); RAJNA, Le origini dell' epopea francese (Florence, 1884); KURTH, Histoire poetique des Merovingiens (Paris 1893): IDEM, Clovis (Tours, 1896, and Paris, 1901). GODEFROID KURTH Transcribed by Joseph P. Thomas [The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IV, Copyright A(c) 1908 by Robert Appleton Company] Clovis I 'the great', King of the Franks
 
138 Usually regarded as the real founder of Frankish power in Gaul, he united the Romans of north Gaul under his rule by force of arms and the expedience of converting to their own religion, Catholic Christianity. He then united the Franks under his own rule by having all rival kings assassinated. With success he led his armies against other Germans; he conquered the Thuringians to the east, and also the Alamans who were moving from their homes in south-west Germany into what is now Alsace and northern Switzerland. In 507 Clovis led his followers south across the Loire to destroy the Visigothic kingdom of Alaric II. When he died in 511, the kingdom was ruled jointly by his four sons; it was they who destroyed the Burgundian kingdom and who, by offering military aid to the Ostrogoths in exchange, annexed Provence to their kingdom. Clovis I 'the great', King of the Franks
 
139 Naissance : vers 825 ou 840. Profession : Comte d'Auxerre, Duc de Bourgogne Transjurane. Conrad II, Duc de Bourgogne, Cte d'Auxerre
 
140 buried on Isle of Iona Constantine I
 
141 She was the Princess of Castile and Leon. Constanza
 
142 In 577 he assisted his father in battle against the Britons, slaying three of their kings as well as taking the cities of Gloucester, Cirencester and Bath. However, in 584, Cuthwine was killed in battle. Cuthwine, King of Wessex
 
143 In 495 he came over to England with his father and, in 534, succeeded him as King of the West Saxons (Wessex). In 552 he fought with the Britons on the spot that is called Sarum, putting them to flight. Cynric, King of Wessex
 
144 murdered Dedi I, Ct. im Hassegau
 
145 He was a Saxon count 'of the Buzizi tribe' Dietrich, Ct. im Hassegau
 
146 He was a war leader in Eastphalia. Dietrich
 
147 murdered Dietrich II, Ct. im Hassegau, Ct. zu Brehna
 
148 Décédé dans une bataille contre Othon Ier de Germanie Dirk I, of Kennemerland
 
149 The area now known as Holland was formerly known as Friesland, or West-Friesland, and its first counts were entitled Count of Friesland. At that time, Friesland covered the area from the mouth of the river Weser (near Germany's Bremen) to nearly inside modern Belgium. Today this area is divided into five provinces: Zeeland, South-Holland, North-Holland, Friesland and Groningen. However, the area ruled over by these counts was only a very small section of the total. From when the first known count lived around the year 889, it took until 1100 before his descendants became known as Counts of Holland. Apparently the name Holland was derived from the word 'Holtland', which meant either 'Land with a hollow' or 'wood (hout/holt) land'. In 922, Count Dirk I received (from Charles The Simple, King of the West-Franks, or France) the church in Egmond and its estates which became the centre of his county. In 925, while formally belonging to the Lorraine area, Holland became part of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Count and his subjects preferred to think themselves independent of any overlord; accordingly they made their own alliances as they saw fit. Dirk I, of Kennemerland
 
150 Count Dirk II added Maasland, Kennemerland and the Island of Texel to his domain. This was formally acknowledged by Emperor Otto III as a reward for his support. At about 940, Dirk II extended his influence southwards by marrying Hildegard, daughter of the Count of Flanders, a descendant of Charlemagne and a great-granddaughter of Alfred the Great, king of England. Dirk II and Hildegard replaced the wooden church of Egmond with a stone Abbey church where both of them were buried. Dirk II, of Holland
 
151 Dirk III ruled 46 years. He appeared to have supported highwaymen who caused a lot of trouble not only for the farmers, forcing them to pay protection money, but also for merchants by creating a toll post on their way to England. These merchants complained to the Emperor who, in 1018, sent an army. However, this army was so ineffectual in the marshes of Holland, after being decimated and robbed, that its general, Duke Godfrey of Lorraine, was imprisoned and only released after he swore he would not return to avenge his defeat. These 'Friesians' didn't like their counts but outside interference was even more resented. Dirk III, of Holland
 
152 buried on the Isle of Iona Domnaill (Donald II), King of Scots
 
153 was the son of Eafa of Wessex by a Kentish princess, whose identity is unknown. Ealhmund is known to have been reigning in Kent in 784 or 786. Ealhmund, of Kent
 
154 BIOGRAPHY
Ebalus Mancer (also known as Manzer, Manser and Manzeras) was born about 870, an illegitimate son of Ramnulf II, comte de Poitou. The meaning of Mancer is disputed. Mancer is a Germanic habitational name, but also a Germanic personal name formed from 'magin', meaning 'strength' or 'might' (magnus). It may also be a corruption of the Hebrew 'mamzer', meaning 'bastard', hence the appellation sometimes seen, Ebalus 'the Bastard', and his supposed Jewish mother. The same name was used by another prince from Occitania. Arnaud Manzer, count of Angoulême (born 952 - died 988/92) who was also a bastard. This fact makes problematic the speculation about the Germanic origin of the name.

Ebalus was count of Poitou and duke of Aquitaine on two occasions: from 890 to 892 and from 902 (Poitou) and 927 (Aquitaine) to his death. He succeeded his father Ramnulf in 890, but was driven out in 892 by Aymar, who was supported by Eudes of France. Ebalus gained the backing of Guillaume I 'le Pieux', count of Auvergne, who placed Aquitaine under his own authority in 893.

About 892 Ebalus married Aremburgis and they had two sons: Ebalus who became bishop of Limoges, and Guillaume who would have progeny.

In 902 Ebalus launched the reconquest of his county with an army lent by his distant relative Guillaume I 'le Pieux'. He took Poitiers while Aymar was away and established control of the county. He was invested as count by Charles III, with whom Ebalus had been raised. The comital title was the only one to which he ever had legitimate investiture. Ebalus allotted the abbey of Saint-Maixent to Savary, viscount of Thouars, who had been his constant supporter. He restructured Poitou by creating new viscounties in Aulnay and Melle, and he dissolved the title and position of viscount of Poitou upon the death of its holder Maingaud in 925.

In 904 Ebalus conquered the Limousin. In 911 he was in Chartres with an army to oppose Rollo, the Viking leader to whom King Charles 'the Simple' gave Normandy the same year. Guillaume, the son of Ebalus, would marry Gerloc of Normandy, daughter of Rollo, in 935.

In 927, Guillaume II, successor of Guillaume I 'le Pieux', and then his Guillaume II's successor, his brother Acfred, died within a year. Acfred had made Ebalus his heir; Ebalus thus found himself duke of Aquitaine, and count of Berry, Auvergne, and Velay.

In 929 Raoul, king of France, started to reduce the power of Ebalus. He withdrew from him access to Berry, then in 932 he transferred the titles of Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Auvergne to Raymond Pons, comte de Toulouse. Moreover, the territory of La Marche, which was under the control of the lord of Charroux, a vassal of Ebalus, was transformed into an independent county.

Ebalus died in 934, and was succeeded by his son Guillaume. 		Ebalus Mancer, Cte de Poitou
 
155 Profession : Comte en Bonngau. Attesté en 904. Eberhard I, Ct im Zulpichgau, Ct im Bonngau
 
156 murdered when an outlaw named Liofa stabbed him whilst he was dining in his hall Edmund I "The Magnificent", of England
 
157 crowned King of England Edmund II 'Ironside', of England
 
158 age 41 at death Edward the Atheling, prince of England
 
159 spent the greater part of his youth in exile in Hungary Edward the Atheling, prince of England
 
160 became 'Subregulus" of Kent in 790/96, and succeeded Beorthric as king of Wessex in 802. There is no record of his coronation. From 825 onwards, he had established his supremacy over all other rulers in England, and was effective overlord of all the south-eastern kingdoms. In 829, he succeeded Wiglaf as King of Mercia, although he was expelled the following year.
Expelled from England, he sought refuge at the Frankish Court where he met and married his wife, Raedburh or Redburga, who was perhaps a niece of Charlemagne. Returned to England, he peacefully became King of Wessex in 802 after the death of King Beorhtric. Ostensibly they lived in peace as for many years nothing was recorded until 825 when he defeated Beornwulf, King of Mercia. Egbert's son Aethelwulf drove King Baldred of Kent out of his kingdom of Kent and, by 829, Egbert was regarded as king of all England. Still peace did not prevail as the invading Danes were then helped by the Cornish, only to be expelled by Egbert who was probably in his sixties when he died in 839. 		Egbert, of Wessex
 
161 his bones are now in one of the mortuary chests here. Egbert, of Wessex
 
162 In 800 at the decease of King Brithric, Egbert was called by the voice of his countrymen to assume the Government of Wessex, and he subsequently succeeded in reducing all the Kingdoms of the Heptarchy under his sway. His reign, a long and glorious one, is memorable for the great victories he achieved over the Danes. See Europaisch Stammtafeln Bund II tafel 58. Egbert, of Wessex
 
163 murdered Ekkehard I, Markgraf von Meissen
 
164 From Encyclopedia Britannica Online, article titled Eleanor ofAquitaine: 'also called ELEANOR OF GUYENNE, French âELâEONORE, OR ALIâENOR,D'AQUITAINE, OR DEGUYENNE, queen consort of both Louis VII of France(in 1137-52) and Henry II of England (in 1152-1204) and mother ofRichard I the Lion-Heart and John of England. She was perhaps the mostpowerful woman in 12th-century Europe. 'She died in 1204 at the monastery at Fontevrault, Anjou, where shehad retired after the campaign at Mirebeau. Her contribution toEngland extended beyond her own lifetime; after the loss of Normandy(1204), it was her own ancestral lands and not the old Normanterritories that remained loyal to England. She has been misjudged bymany French historians who have noted only her youthful frivolity,ignoring the tenacity, political wisdom, and energy that characterizedthe years of her maturity. 'She was beautiful and just, imposing andmodest, humble and elegant'; and, as the nuns of Fontevrault wrote intheir necrology: a queen 'who surpassed almost all the queens of theworld.'ELEANOR OF AQUITAINE (1122-1204) was one of the most importantrulers of Medieval Europe. Many noblewomen in the Middle Ages were well-educated. but Eleanor hadthe chance to use her education at a time when European politics wasdominated by men. When she was just fifteen, Eleanor's father died, and she inheritedAquitaine. the largest kingdom in France. That same year she marriedKing Louis VII and became Queen of France. Although still a teenager,Eleanor was an impressive figure--beautiful, very well-educated, andfearlessly independent. When Louis went off on the Crusades, she went with him, travelingthousands of miles, much of it through hostile lands. But Eleanor and Louis had no male heir, and tensions developed betweenthem. The Pope granted them a divorce when Eleanor was twenty-nine.Within months. Eleanor married Henry Plantagent, her ex-husband's mainrival. Two years later Henry became King of England--and Eleanor was aqueen again. However, Henry soon fell in love with another woman, and Eleanor leftEngland to set up her own court in Aquitaine, which she still ruled.Troubadours from all over France flocked to her palace at Poitiers,where Eleanor acted as patron of the arts. Many of the ideas ofchivalry that we associate with the Middle Ages were developed inEleanor's court.. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Some say King Lewis carried her into the Holy Land, where shecarried herself not very holily, but led a licentious life; and, whichis the worst kind of licentiousness, in carnal familiarity with aTurk. Eleanore
 
165 Some sources states that she died on April 1, 1204. Eleanore
 
166 Some sources states that she was born in 1123. Eleanore
 
167 buried in Winchester cathedral Elfleda
 
168 Elfrida is said to have had an adulterous affair with King Edward while being still married to Ethelwald, and some sources allege that Ethelwald was murdered on Edgar's orders. Elfrida
 
169 She was the Princess of England. Elizabeth
 
170 became king 18 march 978. Abdicated in favour of king Sweyn in the autumn of 1013, and fled to Normandy, but was restored to the throne after Sweyn's death on 3rd february 1014. Ethelred II, of England
 
171 known as "the Unraed" or "the Redeless" (both of which mean "without counsel") Ethelred II, of England
 
172 Ethelswitha turned to religion in 901 after the death of King Alfred and became a nun at St-Mary's Abbey, Winchester. Ethelswitha
 
173 Her remains are later removed to Winchester Cathedral Ethelswitha
 
174 About 1081 he married Adela of Normandy, the formidable daughter of William The Conqueror, and by her fathered seven children. When Stephen's father died in 1090 he became Count of Blois and Chartres.In 1095 Adela became Regent when her husband took part in the first crusade. He had no enthusiasm for this duty but Adela considered that he ought to go, so he went. There was never any nonsense in their household about who made the decisions---she did. Stephen de Blois went together with Adela's brother, Robert, Duke of Normandy. Having marched south through Italy, Stephen and his brother-in-law decided to spend the winter comfortably in southern Italy before continuing on their way. When at last these two leaders decided to embark their men at Brindisi, disaster struck them. It was a very mediaeval kind of disaster: the first ship to leave port capsized and sank with the loss of all hands together with many pack-animals, stores, and chests of money. Most of their armies allowed themselves to be shipped and, after a rough and unpleasant crossing, they reached Constantinople in May 1096. Stephen de Blois was impressed by the city but reserved his greatest admiration for the Emperor Alexius. "Your father, my beloved," he wrote to Adela, "made many gifts, but he was almost nothing compared with this man". One cannot help but wonder how the formidable Adela reacted to this remark about her father, William the Conqueror; however, since her husband was the better part of two thousand miles away, perhaps for once he himself did not much mind how she reacted. Godfrey of Bouillon had attacked the city of Nicaea and was joined, in early June 1096, by Stephen de Blois, Robert of Normandy and Raymond of Toulouse. They celebrated their assault by cutting off the heads of as many Turks as they could find and catapulting them over the city walls into the streets. Others were set up on spikes in front of the gates in full view of the depressed defenders. A Byzantine force took control of the city and deprived the crusaders of another massacre by allowing the Turks to escape. Stephen wrote to his wife in high spirits: "In five weeks' time we shall be in Jerusalem, unless we are held up at Antioch". After the joint crusader-force defeated another Turkish army, the retreating Turks laid waste to the country, burning the crops and destroying or befouling the wells. The weather was still painfully hot and it was not long before hunger and thirst began to take their toll. Stephen wrote to Adela to say that it was a great mistake to imagine that the sun always shone in Syria, for "throughout this winter we have endured intense cold and incessant rain". Later Stephen marched his men to Alexandretta as he saw no point in having them massacred by the Atabeg of Mosul. Afterwards he was to be rebuked bitterly for this 'cowardice' by the formidable Adela. He returned to France in 1099 but was forced by the inexorable Adela to return to the East, there to redeem his tarnished reputation which he did by being killed in the Battle of Ramleh. Etienne II, Cte de Blois & Chartres
 
175 during the siege of Ramula in the Holy Land, slain by the Saracens after the Battle of Ascalon Etienne II, Cte de Blois & Chartres
 
176 She died young. Euphamia
 
177 From Encyclopedia Britannica Online, article titled 'Ferdinand II:' 'king of Leon from 1157 to 1188, second son of Alfonso VII. 'Despite several internal revolts against his rule, Ferdinand's reignwas notable for the repopulation of Leonese Extremadura and for thevictories he secured farther south against the Almohads in the last 20years of his reign. These included the capture of Alcâantara (1166)and Badajoz (1169). He also gave important support to the new militaryorder of Santiago, founded with his approval in 1170. Ferdinand, whocalled himself rex hispanorum ('king of the Spaniards'), established atemporary tutelage over Castile during the minority of his nephewAlfonso VIII and occupied Segovia and Toledo (1162-66), though Alfonsolater reacted violently against Ferdinand. Ferdinand was alsofrequently engaged in hostilities with the nascent Portuguese kingdombut came successfully to the rescue of the Portuguese when theAlmohads invested the key city of Santarâem (1184).' Ferdinand II, of Leon
 
178 From Encyclopedia Britannica Online, article titled 'Ferdinand III:' 'canonized Feb. 4, 1671; feast day May 30' 'also called SAINT FERDINAND, Spanish SAN FERNANDO, king of Castilefrom 1217 to 1252 and of Leon from 1230 to 1252 and conqueror of theMuslim cities of Câordoba (1236), Jaâen (1246), and Seville (1248).During his campaigns, Murcia submitted to his son Alfonso (laterAlfonso X), and the Muslim kingdom of Granada became his vassal. 'Ferdinand was the son of Alfonso IX of Leon and Berenguela, daughterof Alfonso VIII of Castile. When born, he was the heir to Leon, buthis uncle, Henry I of Castile, died young, and his mother inheritedthe crown of Castile, which she conferred on him. His father, likemany Leonese, opposed the union, and Ferdinand found himself at warwith him. By his will Alfonso IX tried to disinherit his son, but thewill was set aside, and Castile and Leon were permanently united in1230. 'Ferdinand married Beatrice of Swabia, daughter of the Holy Romanemperor, a title that Ferdinand's son Alfonso X was to claim. Hisconquest of Lower Andalusia was the result of the disintegration ofthe Almohad state. The Castilians and other conquerors occupied thecities, driving out the Muslims and taking over vast estates.' Fernando III Alfonsez 'The Saint'
 
179 murdered Floris, Ct of Holland
 
180 Profession : Comte de Frise.Occidentale puis Comte de Hollande Floris, Ct of Holland
 
181 According to legend, he was learned and saintly, dressed as a cleric and said of Louis IV, King of France, who had mocked his piety, "an illiterate king is a crowned ass". Foulques II 'le Bon', Cte d'Anjou
 
182 Fredegund d. 597, Paris French FREDEGONDE, queen consort of Chilperic I, the Merovingian Frankish king of Soissons. Originally a servant, Fredegund became Chilperic's mistress after he had murdered his wife and queen, Galswintha (c. 568). Galswintha, however, was also the sister of Brunhild, the wife of Chilperic's half-brother Sigebert I, king of the eastern kingdom of Austrasia. Galswintha's murder engendered a violent animosity between Fredegund and Brunhild and an irreconcilable feud of more than 40 years' duration between the respective families. Fredegund was certainly responsible for the assassination of Sigebert in 575 and made attempts on the lives of Guntram (her brother-in-law and the king of Burgundy), Childebert II (Sigebert's son), and Brunhild. After the mysterious assassination of Chilperic (584), Fredegund seized his riches and took refuge in the cathedral at Paris. Both she and her surviving son, Chlotar II, were at first protected by Guntram, but, when he died in 592, Childebert II, who had taken over his throne, attacked Chlotar, albeit unsuccessfully. From Childebert's death (595) until her own, Fredegund intrigued on Chlotar's behalf against Brunhild, who sought to rule through Childebert's sons, Theodebert II of Austrasia and Theodoric II of Burgundy. Ruthlessly murderous and sadistically cruel, Fredegund can have few rivals in monstrousness. Fredegunde
 
183 One of the most bloodthirsty women in history, she had been the maid of Chilperic I's second wife, Galsvintha, whom he had murdered; Fredegunde then became his queen consort. However, Chilperic I's half-brother, Sigebert I, King of the eastern kingdom of Austrasia, was married to Brunhild, the latter being a sister of Galsvintha. The murder of Galsvintha caused a violent feud between Fredegund and Brunhild, and also between the two branches of the family, which lasted some forty years. Fredegund was certainly responsible for the murder of Sigebert in 575 and made attempts on the lives of Guntram, her brother-in-law and king of Burgundy, and on Childebert II, Sigebert I's son, and Brunhild. In 584 her husband was mysteriously murdered. Fredegund then seized his riches and took refuge in the cathedral in Paris. Guntram, her brother-in-law, protected both her and her surviving son, Chlotar II, until he died in 592. Childebert II, who had succeeded Guntram, unsuccesfully attacked Chlotar II. However, Childebert II died in 595, and, in the last two years of her life, Fredegund intrigued on Chlotar II's behalf against Brunhild who sought to rule through Childebert II's sons, Theodebert II of Austrasia and Theodoric II of Burgundy. Ruthless, murderous and sadistically cruel, Fredegund must be regarded as one of the most monstrous in history. Fredegunde
 
184 He was also known as Foulques 'Le Jeune', Latin King of Jerusalem(1131-1143), Count of Anjou (1109-1129) as Fulk V, great-grandson ofFulk Nerra. He journeyed (1120) to the Holy Land as a pilgrim andreturned there in 1129, making his son, Geoffrey Plantagenet, count ofAnjou as Geoffrey IV. Having taken as his new wife Melisende, daughterof King Baldwin II of Jerusalem, he succeeded his father-in-law in1131. Fulk's reign was disturbed by dissensions among the Latinprinces and by the raids of the Turks, whose prisoner he was for atime in 1137. He was succeeded as King of Jerusalem by his son byMelisende, Baldwin III. From Encyclopedia Britannica Online, articletitled Fulk: 'byname FULK THE YOUNGER, French FOULQUES LE JEUNE, count of Anjou andMaine as Fulk V (1109-31) and king of Jerusalem (1131-43). 'Son of Fulk IV the Surly and Bertrada of Montfort, he was married in1109 to Arenburga of Maine. Fulk exerted his control over his vassalsand was later caught up in dynastic quarrels between the French andEnglish kings. In 1128 his son Geoffrey Plantagenet married Matilda,daughter of Henry I of England, and became the progenitor of England'sbranch of the Angevin dynasty. Fulk first visited Palestine in 1120and returned in 1129 to marry Melisend, daughter of King Baldwin II ofJerusalem. 'Fulk became king of Jerusalem on Baldwin II's death in 1131 and spentthe first year of his reign settling a dispute in Antioch (Turkey) andputting down a revolt led by his wife's lover, Hugh of Le Puiset. In1137 he allied himself with the Byzantines against a Turkish leader,'Imad ad-Din Zangi, of Mosul (Iraq), and in 1140 helped the Muslims ofDamascus ward off Zangi's armies. He protected Jerusalem in the southby constructing a series of fortresses, including Krak of Moab.' Fulk
 
185 The "Chronicle of the Counts of Anjou" describes him as 'stout-hearted and strong and most successful in battle' and tells of his single-handed victory against Ethelulf the Dane, a Goliath-like figure. He was known as Greygown after a witness to the contest picked him out at the French court by the colour of his robes. Geoffrey I, Ct d'Anjou
 
186 Recorded in 885, with Gardulf, both as Counts of Friesland and were involved with the murder of Godfrey The Norseman. In 889 Gerulf received properties from King Arnulf which were located somewhere between Katwijk and Schoorl. Gerulf, Ct of Friesland
 
187 In 840 he became Count of Maasgau and, from 846 till 849, Count of Lommengau. He abducted Irmingard, daughter of the Emperor Lothar, and married her in Aquitaine before March 846. It was only after the diet in Thionville, October 848, that the Emperor made his peace with him. In 863 Giselbert also became Count of Darnau and died after 14 July 877. Giselbert, Ct in Maasgau
 
188 Guillaume I 'le Pieux', Duke of Aquitaine, in 892 also became Count of Bourges and, in 893, Count of Macon and lay-Abbot of Brioude. Before 898 he married Engelberge, daughter of the King of Lower-Burgundy and they became the parents of a son and a daughter. In 910 he founded the abbey of Cluny. He died either 28 June or 6 July 918. Guillaume I 'le Pieux'
 
189 William succeeded Rollo sometime around 927. It appears that he faced a rebellion early in his reign, from Normans who felt he had become too Gallicised. Subsequent years are obscure. In 939 William became involved in a war with Arnulf I of Flanders, which soon became intertwined with the other conflicts troubling the reign of Louis IV. He was killed by followers of Arnulf while at a meeting to settle their conflict. Guillaume I 'Longue épée'
 
190 Beau-Frère de Charlemagne. Profession : Comte.Palatin du Rhin, Comte d'Orléans. Hadrian, d'Orléans
 
191 Halfdan Olafsson "Huitbein" (white leg), King of the Uplanders of Sweden, King of Salver and Vestfold, conquered Roumarike and founded the pagan temple at Skiringssal. Halfdan "Huitbein", King of the Uplanders, Salver & Vestfold
 
192 said to have been noticed by Count Robert as she washed clothes in a river Harlette
 
193 Profession : Comte. Haudré
 
194 Profession : Margrave, Duc des Austrasiens Décès : en combattant les Normands Heinrich, Markgraf v. Babenburg
 
195 Emperor Conrad I had designated him as his successor and this was supported by the Saxon and Franconian nobility. Although he was the first non-Frank ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, he nevertheless adopted Frankish customs, dress and manners. As he regarded the support of the nobility as sufficient for his position, he refused to be crowned by the bishops. Also, as Duke of Saxony he had shown his independence from Emperor and Church; yet, as Emperor himself, he grew closer to the church. The most serious problem of his reign was the independence of the higher nobility. This had been caused by the disintegration of monarchical powers in the preceeding fifty years. He re-established imperial control over Suabia, Lotharingia and Bavaria. However, in general he allowed the dukes a free hand within their own territories. Several times after 925 he raided the territories of his uncivilized neighbours, the Slavic Wends and the Hungarian Magyars, taking Brandenburg from the Wends and, in 933, defeating the Magyars in battle. Then in the conquered lands he built fortified cities as military strongholds. His rule restored much of the power and prestige of the monarchy so that, before he died, he obtained the recognition of his son, Otto, as his successor. Henri I 'The Fowler', Holy Roman Emperor
 
196 * BIOGRAPHY
Henry was born in 1068 in Selby, Yorkshire, the only child of William the Conqueror to be born in England. He was also the only son to be born in 'purple' as only two years previously William had become king of England. As the youngest child he was his mother's favourite and when she died she left him her English estates.

He had a good education, learning to read and write Latin as well as English and Law. In 1086 he was knighted by his father. When his father died in 1087 his brother Robert received the duchy of Normandy while William II Rufus became king of England. Henry, having estates in both territories like so many other Norman barons, had to maintain his relations with two overlords.

When in 1100 William Rufus mysteriously died, Henry was elected to succeed as king of England and on 6 August he was crowned in Westminster Abbey. His first act as king was to restore Anselm as archbishop of Canterbury, then he started to look for a bride. For his queen he selected Edith of Scotland, daughter of King Malcolm Canmore and, more importantly, of St. Margaret of Wessex who was a descendant of the kings of England prior to the Conquest. In honour of the king's mother, Matilda of Flanders, Edith changed her name to Matilda. Restoring Anselm did not ensure peace in the kingdom as he refused to do homage to the king, claiming to hold the church estates in the name of the pope. Anselm was then forced into exile, and peace was restored only in 1107 when the king's sister Adela, countess of Blois, found a solution acceptable to both: bishops would pay homage to the king and the king would allow clerical investiture.

When Henry's brother Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy returned from Crusade he proved such a bad ruler that the barons in Normandy revolted and asked for Henry's support. Henry was also motivated by a wish to eliminate the continuing threat from Robert and the drain on his fiscal resources from the annual payment to him, so in 1105 he led an expeditionary force across the English Channel. On the morning of 28 September 1106, exactly 40 years after their father had landed in England, the decisive battle between his two sons took place in the small village of Tinchebray. Robert's army was defeated and he was captured. Robert was imprisoned and Henry became duke of Normandy.

Henry was a good diplomat; even though troubles within Normandy and with France continued, he made a successful alliance when his only daughter Matilda married the Emperor Heinrich V in 1114. In 1119 his only son William went to the continent and married a daughter of the count of Anjou. On the journey home the 'White Ship' was wrecked and William with his entourage drowned. Henry's wife had died in 1118, but he waited until 1122 before taking a second wife, Adeliza of Louvain. He had fathered two legitimate and probably nineteen illegitimate children, but his second marriage remained childless.

In 1126 Henry designated his daughter, the widowed Empress Matilda, as his successor; and in 1127 he selected Geoffrey, count of Anjou, as her second husband even though he was ten years younger than Matilda. Henry travelled a great deal between England and Normandy, and on 1 August 1135 he left England for the last time. He died 1 December 1135 at St. Denis-le-Fermont near Gisors. His body was taken back to England and buried at Reading Abbey. 		Henry I, of England
 
197 From Encylcopedia Britannica Onlines, article entitled Henry I 'Also, HENRY BEAUCLERC (GOOD SCHOLAR), French HENRI BEAUCLERC youngestand ablest of William I the Conqueror's sons, who as king of England(1100-35) strengthened the crown's executive powers and, like hisfather, also ruled Normandy (from1106).' 'Henry I was a skillful, intelligent monarch who achieved peace inEngland, relative stability in Normandy, and notable administrativeadvances on both sides of the Channel. Under Henry, the Anglo-Normanstate his father had created was reunited. Royal justices began makingsystematic tours of the English shires, but, although hisadministrative policies were highly efficient, they were notinfrequently regarded as oppressive. His reign marked a significantadvance from the informal, personal monarchy of former times towardthe bureaucratized state that lay in the future. It also marked ashift from the wide-ranging imperialism of earlier Norman leaders toconsolidation and internal development. In the generations beforeHenry's accession, Norman dukes, magnates, and adventurers hadconquered southern Italy, Sicily, Antioch, and England. Henry won hismajor battles but preferred diplomacy or bribery to the risks of thebattlefield. Subduing Normandy in 1106, he contented himself withkeeping domestic peace, defending his Anglo-Norman state againstrebellion and invasion, and making alliances with neighbouringprinces.' Henry I, of England
 
198 Profession :Comte de Laon en 743-744 Héribert, comte de Laon
 
199 Profession : Comte de Bonngau, d'Auelgau, de Kildachgau, en Zulpichgau et Palatin de Lorraine. Hermann Pusillus, Ct Palatine of Lower-Lorraine
 
200 Abbesse d'Oeren de 698 à 706 Irmina
 

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